why was france a threat to elizabeth in 1558 why was france a threat to elizabeth in 1558

The Spanish Armada sailed in 1588 and was completely defeated by the English. The lack of money was problematic because it meant England was potentially vulnerable to attack (and Elizabeth had no means by which to defend the country militarily). He plotted a Spanish invasion of England, which would involve the killing of Elizabeth and the placing of Mary, Queen of Scots on the throne. More significantly, she was worried she would have to adopt a secondary role in the running of her country, as the period was very patriarchal. Parma and his men, however, were being blockaded by Dutch ships and werent able to reach the coast in time. How much is the average salary for an overseas dentist? Her sister, Mary, had made Roman Catholicism the official religion of the country, but many of the people were. 1) In 1557, Mary I took England to war with France to support her husband who was already fighting the French. August 3rd - 4th: Spanish ships were outgunned and forced to move to Calais in France. Elizabeth sent an army of 14,000 men to crush the revolt, which lasted around a month (November to December). This significantly committed Elizabeth to support the Dutch rebels directly against the Spanish. Boston House, The Treaty of Cateau-Cambresis of April 1559 between Spain and France was meant to be the start of lasting peace between the two. Born: 7 September 1533. She was a Protestant. What made the Auld Alliance stronger at this time was the fact that Mary, Queen of Scots was married to the French Prince Francis II. Describe two features of Mary Queen of Scots' threat to Elizabeth I. By the end of Elizabeths reign, the navy was also playing an important role in settling up an English colony in North America. Cecil was a master of Renaissance statecraft, whose talents as a diplomat, politician, and administrator won him high office and . Many expected a decisive battle between Henry II and Philip II. Naval support by the English proved to be more effective for the Dutch rebels and a fleet of English ships patrolled the Dutch coastline to prevent the Spanish from landing some of their forces by sea. Who we are Changelog Terms of Service Privacy Policy FAQ Sitemap, Psychology History Sociology Business Studies, Psychology Sociology Business Studies Mathematics, Latest Posts Resources Workbooks Past Papers. The victory over the Spanish boosted Elizabeths popularity and strengthened the Protestant cause as it was a sign that God favoured Protestantism. In 1558, England and Spain were still allies against France, but King Philip of Spain (who had been married to Mary) hated Protestantism with a passion. It was the only major threat to Henry's security as monarch. Te Deums were sung in churches, bonfires lit, and "their was shott at the Tower that night above two thousand . 2002-2023 Tutor2u Limited. Elizabeths legitimacy becomes a problem because of this marriage. The plots were often uncovered due to Elizabeths informants and Walsinghams highly efficient spy network. The Spanish Armada sailed in 1588 and was completely defeated by the English. This led to a rampage of Spanish soldiers and the sacking of Antwerp. She replaced her Catholic half-sister Mary, who died childless. - large religious threat as shows the chance of invasion increased due to the fact Spain and France could unite together against England. The relative strength of France and weakness of England was further compounded by the fact that Elizabeth had to recognize the loss of Calais to France under the Treaty of Cateau-Cambresis in 1559, following a disastrous English military campaign under the reign of Elizabeth's predecessor, Mary I. Calais had been in English hands since 1347. King Philip of Spain sent an. Born the daughter of Henry VIII and Anne Boleyn on 7 September 1533, Elizabeth's right to rule as queen of England never went unchallenged. France, Spain and Scotland were all Catholic countries in 1558. After his death, his two sons Harold and Hardicanute took over the throne in succession. Sir Robert Naunton recorded that the queen once said angrily to Leicester, when he tried to insist upon a favour, "I will have here but one mistress and no master." Another suitor for Elizabeth was Prince Eric of Sweden, later King Eric of Sweden. Anne was executed less than three years after Elizabeth's birth. The Netherlands had been part of the Spanish empire since the 1550s. What he meant by this was he had inflicted significant temporary damage on the Spanish Armada and it would regrow in time. In 1580, she received treasure from Sir Francis Drake from his exploits which was worth more than all the rest of her income for that year put together. Humiliatingly, Elizabeth had to confirm the loss of Calais, which had been an English possession since 1347. Elizabeth offered support to the Protestant Henry IV of France but found him an difficult ally to get on with. Elizabeth increased her financial commitment to the cause of the Dutch rebels and hired mercenary soldiers to intervene in the conflict under the leadership of John Casimir. Elizabeth wasnt able to publically acknowledge his achievements and when the Spanish Armada attempted to invade England in 1588, he was the vice-admiral in command of the English fleet that helped successfully defend the attack. Approximately 30 ships were destroyed and tonnes of supplies were also seized including food and weapons. Babington and other known plotters were hanged, drawn and quartered. The leading figure involved in the plot was Francis Throckmorton, a young Catholic man who carried messages between Mary and Catholic conspirators abroad. With the seemingly imminent war between Spain only a matter of time, Elizabeth was determined to rid England of the enemy within. The fact that the Pope never approved Henry VIIIs divorce from Catherine of Aragon in 1533 (and England had to break from Rome in order to achieve this) combined with the fact that Catherine was still alive when Elizabeth was born. She was reluctant to execute Mary as she was Queen of Scotland and she believed in Divine Right that rulers were sent by God to govern their country. Between the period between 1577 and 1580, Drake sailed around the world and carried out a number of raids on Spanish settlements and ships. The use of fireships by the British exposed this weakness. Protestants (notably John Knox) initially claimed female rule was unnatural or monstrous, while Roman Catholics judged . he could also overthrow her. This focused on dividing the poor into the able-bodied and the impotent. Complete the sentence in a way that shows you understand the meaning of the italicized vocabulary word. [Relative comparison made to inform the judgement here shows instantly criteria are being established, helping to signpost the rest of the answer.]. All Catholic priests are ordered to leave the country. In 1571, he developed a plot to overthrow Elizabeth using his Catholic contacts in England and Europe. ( Public Domain ) Henry VIII was succeeded by his son Edward VI who reigned for a mere six years before succumbing to tuberculosis at the age of 15. Instead, Drakes plan was to attack the port of Cadiz, which wasnt as well defended. LS23 6AD The imprisonment owed to her likely involvement in the murder of her second husband, Lord Darnley. To her credit, when Elizabeth died in 1603, the nation was only in debt to the tune of 350,000 - 123,000 more than in 1558, but spread over the duration of her reign, this represented just under 3,000 a year. The Spanish responded by doing the same to the English. - send 2000 to rebels. Sir Francis Drake and the raid on Cadiz: `Singeing the King of Spains beard. VAT reg no 816865400. English exports to Europe were vital to the English economy and reached the European market via the Dutch ports, particularly Antwerp. Drake knew he wasnt able to attack this port with any realistic hope of success. Coronation: 15 January 1559, Westminster Abbey. The French were Catholic but did not have the same hostility to English Protestantism as Spain was. The plot failed as it was discovered by Francis Walsingham, Elizabeths principal secretary and spymaster, who placed Throckmorton under surveillance for several months. When Mary, Queen of Scots arrived in England in 1568, replacing Elizabeth with Mary became a realistic possibility. Mary, Queen of Scots cousin (the French Duke of Guise) intended to invade England, free Mary, overthrow Elizabeth and restore Catholicism. Ironically the simple accession of Elizabeth in 1558 made any desire for a settlement so much more difficult. West Yorkshire, The reasons for, and significance of, the Revolt of the Northern Earls, 156970. J. Some Vikings fled to France to establish a colony called Normandy. Overall then, despite the question of legitimacy being extremely important due to the fact that Elizabeth could not count on the support of many English Catholics and the fact that it allowed a rival in Scotland to have claims to the throne, the immediate concerns of Elizabeth were of a more practical nature. During Drakes raid, he captured more than 1000 tons of planks made from seasoned wood, which was needed to make the barrels used to carry food and water. This was one of the more serious courtships of Elizabeth's reign. This Papal Bull meant that the loyalty of English Catholics towards Elizabeth was now always in doubt and placed a wedge between the English Catholics monarch and their faith. There were two important reasons why France was seen as a threat to England. After her death in 1558, her half-sister Elizabeth I preceded the throne and she tried to re-establish Puritanism in England. John White led another group to Roanoke, 3 years after the attempt to colonise it. The Student Room and The Uni Guide are both part of The Student Room Group. Therefore, France controlled the whole of the northern coastline and posed a major threat to England. Boston House, Here then, military alliances, English weaknesses, questions of legitimacy and the influence of religion all meant Elizabeth was very vulnerable upon her accession. These problems included Gender, Religion, Finance and Foreign policy. Spymaster and Secretary of State from 1573 Francis Walsingham uncovered the plot. When Mary eventually gets pregnant, Francis is initially . Ridolfis plan was to make Mary queen by first assassinating Elizabeth and then marrying Mary to the Duke of Norfolk. In 1558, the same year Elizabeth became Queen of England, a number of 214 High Street, The Council was controlled by southern Protestants and this caused resentment by the northern nobles. These problems all led to supply issues for the Spanish Armada and had a major impact on the morale of the Spanish troops. Explain why Elizabeth faced many problems upon ascending to the throne in 1558 . There were several factors that influenced Queen Elizabeths decision to sign the Treaty of Nonsuch including: Elizabeth believed in Divine Right and due to this, she didnt want to remove King Phillip as the ruler of Netherlands. The loss of ships, weapons and supplies were proving incredibly costly for Spain as these needed to be replaced and obtaining fresh supplies put a strain on Spains finances. Anyone refusing to pay poor rates could be imprisoned and officials failing to organise poor relief could be fined. Moreover, the brazenness of these revolts was further helped by the blessing of the Pope, whose directives on recusancy and overthrowing Elizabeth were obeyed by many Catholics both domestically and internationally. However, Elizabeth was fearful that a foreign husband would have not put the needs of England first. Copyright The Student Room 2023 all rights reserved. The English ships moved in for the attack and the following battle lasted several hours with 5 Spanish ships having been sunk. Elizabeth couldn't restore authority and teachings of the Pope. This included: 1) the Act of Supremacy which stated that Elizabeth was Head of the Church, 2) the Act of Uniformity which set out expectations for church appearances and church services and 3) Royal Injunctions a set of instructions reinforcing the Acts of Supremacy and Uniformity. In 1560, Scotland was ruled by Elizabeth's cousin called Mary Queen of Scots (MQS). The Pope, as head of the Catholic Church, could rally support for these plots and for some Catholics, obeying the Pope was more important than obedience to Elizabeth. Calais was a French port which the English had occupied and was responsible for 80% of wool exports. For example, from 1567, Elizabeth allowed the Dutch sea beggars to shelter in English harbours (from where they then attacked Spanish ships in the English Channel who were making their way with men and materiel to support Albas mission). The Throckmorton plot was a conspiracy to assassinate Queen Elizabeth and replace her with Mary, Queen of Scots in 1583. Another reason Dudley failed was a number of his officers were divided over questions of strategy. Also, the activities of English pirates', who looted Spanish ships, caused problems between Spain and England. Apple Ordered to Pay Optis Wireless $300 Million in Second LTE Patent Trial. The war was going badly for England. However this union was appalling because he was Catholic was married to the previous queen, and a foreigner. to answer the Section Focus Question: Spain and France were the major European powers. Sir Francis Drake was a leading privateer and responsible for leading several expeditions into the New World in the late 1560s and 1570s. This caused panic among the Spanish sailors, who cut their anchor cables and broke their defensive formation as they headed for the open sea. The execution of Mary, Queen of Scots, finally removed the on-going threat at home from Catholics who wanted to replace Elizabeth with her. An example of data being processed may be a unique identifier stored in a cookie. Elizabeth I - the last Tudor monarch - was born at Greenwich on 7 September 1533, the daughter of Henry VIII and his second wife, Anne Boleyn. Native American hostility occurred from the start, however. [The importance of dates and chronology help demonstrate the long- term impact of Marys presence, which helps support the initial judgement.]. How To Revise For GCSE Psychology Step-by-Step, Chapter 3:Elizabethan society in the Age of Exploration, 155888. Marys permanent presence in England meant that she was a rallying point for many Catholics, who believed she had a stronger claim to the English throne than Elizabeth. Elizabeth had also claimed all the profits from copper mines that were discovered in his estates which meant he lost a significant amount of money too. The Student Room and The Uni Guide are trading names of The Student Room Group Ltd. Register Number: 04666380 (England and Wales), VAT No. Thereafter, up to 11,000 English Catholics were either arrested or placed under surveillance. Norfolk was also expected to marry Mary. The rebellion involved a force of approximately 5500 men and, for approximately a month, the north of England (from Alnwick to Pontefract, east of the Pennines) was in the control of the northern earls. Over the last 40 years there had been 3 different rulers, Henry VIII, Edward VI and Mary I all of which had very different views on religion and running the country. She's regarded as one of the greatest monarchs of England. From 1574, with the help of the Pope, Catholic priests were also being smuggled into England to continue the spread of the Catholic faith. Thomas Percy, 7th Earl of Northumberland was part of the Rising in the North in 1569. Moreover, to raise money Elizabeth would have to make the immediately-unpopular decision of raising taxes, the permission for which would need to be granted by parliament (which, in turn, could then make further demands on Elizabeth). From 1566 the Pope had instructed English Catholics to take part in recusancy, and by 1570 a Papal Bull had been issued excommunicating Elizabeth and stating that English Catholics had no need to have loyalty towards their Queen and instead should help overthrow her. In the eyes of the Church of England, Henry and Catherine were divorced and then Henry could marry Anne. VAT reg no 816865400. Francis Drake is knighted on the Golden Hind. Podcast: The Life and Significance of Alan Turing, Copyright The Historical Association 2023. One way in which Mary was central to the Catholic threat was through her part in various plots to overthrow Elizabeth. In order to marry Anne Boleyn, Henry VIII had to divorce his first wife, Catherine of Aragon. The core of her legitimacy problem centred around the circumstances of her birth by Anne Boleyn. In 1581, Protestant rebels in the Netherlands declared independence from Spain and established a Dutch republic. King Phillip tried to send two further Armadas in the 1590s however, both were unsuccessful. By 1568 most people had accepted. The second concern of legitimacy again comes from the marriage of Anne Boleyn and Henry VIII. See our A-Level Essay Example on To what extent should changes in the relationship between monarchy and parliament from 1529 to 1640 be seen as arising from divisions over the future of the church?, British History: Monarchy & Politics now at Marked By Teachers. West Yorkshire, Elizabeth faced many problems upon her accession to her throne in 1558 and, whilst the question of legitimacy was important, the immediate concerns of debt, as well as the threat from France and Scotland were of far greater significance as they instantly impacted upon her ability to rule. "the threat of invasions was Elizabeth's main problem when she became queen in 1558" - conclusion. The most important reason however was a combination of Marys arrival and the Popes interference. Importantly though, the arrival of Mary Queen of Scots in England did more to embolden the threat of Catholicism. West Yorkshire, VAT reg no 816865400. By August 1986, Walsingham had gathered enough evidence to dismantle the plot. LS23 6AD However, to say therefore increasing involvement was the responsibility of Elizabeth alone would be wrong. "The little Queen of Scots is the most perfect child that I have ever seen," King Henry II of France proclaimed soon after meeting his new charge (Mary of Guise had stayed in Scotland to rule . Importantly too, Elizabeths fear of the Auld Alliance was heightened by the fact that the Catholic Mary, Queen of Scots, had declared herself the legitimate Queen of England (owing to the fact that she was Elizabeths second cousin and the granddaughter of Henry VIIIs sister Margaret) and she had the support of many English Catholics. This helps to explain why Elizabeth had to deal with so many plots, the intention of which was to replace Elizabeth with Mary. In Europe, the 1570s saw some of the worst atrocities of the protracted fall-out of the Reformation. Seeing Spain as a threat, Elizabeth tried to form an alliance with France. Elizabeth lived quietly at her . English canons could also be reloaded more quickly than the Spanish ones allowing them to inflict greater damage. 214 High Street, (*fragmentary*). This was seen as a huge blow for English pride as England had territory in France for hundreds of years. The New World, privateering and the significance of the activities of Sir Francis Drake. Pope, Head of Catholic church would excommunicate her. Although he promised to help the conspirators, he rarely followed through on these promises. France was at war with England and Spain. Most people in . Many of the rebel troops deserted while the two Earls fled to Scotland. The defeat of the Northern Earls showed there was little appetite for a Catholic revolution. The aim was to rid France of heresy (Protestantism). Am I doing my History A-Level coursework correctly? English ships departed from Plymouth to meet the Armada. The aim was to rid France of heresy (Protestantism). Tel: +44 0844 800 0085. This was viewed as significant because it was seen as a means to increase trade, to expand Protestantism and to use the area as a base for attacks on Spanish colonies in the New World. Which three countries were a threat to England and Elizabeth? Northern Rebellion led by Earl of Westmorland. To study the ways in which Henry consolidated his rule. The Northern Earls staged a rebellion (1569) centred around Mary, aiming to depose Elizabeth and crown Mary, raising tension between the two monarchs. Therefore, Henry created the Church of England, a protestant church, which allowed for divorce. [Blog], Medicine Community Feedback and Suggestions, 2023 entry A100 / A101 Medicine fastest and slowest offer senders, Borders & Enforcement, Immigration Enforcement - Immigration Officer June 22, Official University of the Arts London 2023 Applicants Thread. Elizabeth's sister Mary I had lost this port back of Calais to the French in an unsuccessful war that England and Spain had fought against France Elizabeth wanted it back to demonstrate England's strength France and Spain were no longer at war and there was a real possibility they may unite against England. Another extremely important problem Elizabeth faced were the threats from the Auld Alliance of France and Scotland, two Catholic countries that England was sandwiched between. Learning of the Spanish plans to build an Armada and invade England, Drakes mission was to try and stop this. Here is a summary timeline of key events for students taking Early Elizabethan England (1558-88). The threat posed by the pretenders Perkin Warbeck and Lambert Simnel. This pleased those eager for her to marry, but made many unhappy because they did not want her to marry a French Catholic. The child cried when he saw the _______ of his favorite toy in the driveway. I think I'm about to officially choose the Uni im going to but I'm not 100% sur, HELP, Official Imperial College 2023 Undergraduate Applicants Thread, Official Cambridge Postgraduate Applicants 2023 Thread, Plucking Serene Dreams From Golden Trees. However, the Privy Council had put huge pressure on Elizabeth to marry and urged her to take a husband in late 1559, which suggests that the Privy Council would have agreed on a suitor had there been someone suitable as they realised the importance of securing a Protestant English throne and the Tudor dynasty, and perhaps it was this lack of a suitable suitor that caused Elizabeth to remain . Elizabeth, however, did not sign the death warrant until February 1587. The English were worried about the threat of invasion and they attacked the Spanish ships as they sailed along the Channel, but the Armada was so strong that most of the ships reached Calais safely. The plots to overthrow Elizabeth failed for a number of reasons such as: In 1568, the Queens Spymaster, Francis Walsingham used his spy network to prove that Mary had supported the Babington Plot. Insolvency therefore limited the choices of the new Queen and instantly undermined her power. Despite the failure of 1585, another attempt to colonise Virginia took place. Design engineering imperial 2023 applicants, Border Force Officer - Core and Mobile teams recruitment campaign September 2022. When Elizabeth came to the throne in 1558 her people were divided by religion. This plot was supported by the Pope and King Phillip II, who agreed to provide troops for a Spanish invasion. During this journey, they encountered several powerful Atlantic storms and this resulted in many ships sinking or being wrecked on the Scottish and Irish coasts. Sue Gray quits the civil service to become Starmer's aide: is it a big deal? The Spanish Fury united both the Dutch Catholics and Protestants, who demanded in response to the violence: 1) the expulsion of all Spanish troops from the Netherlands 2) political freedom and 3) an end to religious hostility via the Spanish Inquisition. This was because the society was very patriarchal, male dominated, meaning that she . Stimulus = Mary Queen of Scots arrival in England / The sea beggars, [Examiner commentary following each paragraph and at the end is provided in italics], ____________________________________________________. The ships that did manage to make the journey back ran short of supplies, and many men died of starvation and disease. This meant two of the most powerful European nations were now united against Protestantism, placing Elizabeth in a precarious position. The features and significance of the Ridolfi, Throckmorton and Babington plots. W ith the first female vice president taking office in the US, and female leaders around the world excelling despite a global crisis, it's hard to imagine why women have been wildly underrepresented in leadership for so long. The English Catholics now had no-one they could rally around and effectively lost hope of ever replacing Elizabeth. Their complete failure effectively ended any threat Spain posed to the English. "the threat of invasions was Elizabeth's main problem when she became queen in 1558" - 4th point + evidence. Instead, her goal was to ensure freedom of worship for Dutch Protestants and protect Englands Military, commercial and strategic interests listed above. By 1572 Protestant ideas had spread in the Netherlands and Protestant Dutch rebels began a campaign for independence from Catholic Spain, leading to the Dutch Revolt. The core of her legitimacy problem centred around the circumstances of her birth by Anne Boleyn. Norfolk was killed in 1572. In 1568, a final blow came when some Spanish ships were blown off course into English waters, and the English seized them. Mary served as a permanent reminder at home and abroad that there was a legitimate Catholic heir to the throne and, with the Popes blessing, willing Catholic rebels could convince themselves they were doing Gods work. If you would like to change your settings or withdraw consent at any time, the link to do so is in our privacy policy accessible from our home page.. [This summary of factors helps re- establish conceptual focus]. After his successful raid on Cadiz, Drake sailed along the coast of Portugal and Spain, seizing Spanish ships and destroying supplies that were being sent to Lisbon for the Armada. Tel: +44 0844 800 0085. She raised an army following her escape from prison but was defeated at Langside (Glasgow). This meant two of the most powerful European nations were now united against Protestantism, placing Elizabeth in a precarious position. You may use the following in your answer: France and Elizabeth's legitimacy (16 marks) 'Religion was the main cause of the . It was a turning point: the rest of Elizabeth's reign was bedevilled by plots and rumours of Catholic rebellion. A number of Catholic plots to remove Elizabeth in the 1570s and 1580s had his involvement although he was reluctant and half-hearted in their execution. Elizabeth was in debt, she was unmarried and therefore had no alliances to help her counter the Auld Alliance (which would have been a concern even if Mary Queen of Scots and Prince Francis were not married and even if Mary had no claim to the throne). This was important because it demonstrated the strength of Catholic feeling within England and highlighted how Elizabeth, after 11 years, was still vulnerable to English Catholics. Describe two features of the Rebellion of the Norther earls 1559 7. England had lost the last of her territories in France during the reign of Mary, when Calais was lost. There was a very real risk that he could form an alliance with other Catholic powers such as France and Spain and invade England. By studying this week, students should have an understanding of: . He also used double agents to infiltrate Catholic networks. One was debt. She was then third in line behind her Roman Catholic half-sister, Princess Mary.